"""
ast
~~~
The `ast` module helps Python applications to process trees of the Python
abstract syntax grammar. The abstract syntax itself might change with
each Python release; this module helps to find out programmatically what
the current grammar looks like and allows modifications of it.
An abstract syntax tree can be generated by passing `ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST` as
a flag to the `compile()` builtin function or by using the `parse()`
function from this module. The result will be a tree of objects whose
classes all inherit from `ast.AST`.
A modified abstract syntax tree can be compiled into a Python code object
using the built-in `compile()` function.
Additionally various helper functions are provided that make working with
the trees simpler. The main intention of the helper functions and this
module in general is to provide an easy to use interface for libraries
that work tightly with the python syntax (template engines for example).
:copyright: Copyright 2008 by Armin Ronacher.
:license: Python License.
"""
import sys
from _ast import *
from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext
from enum import IntEnum, auto
def parse(source, filename='<unknown>', mode='exec', *,
type_comments=False, feature_version=None):
"""
Parse the source into an AST node.
Equivalent to compile(source, filename, mode, PyCF_ONLY_AST).
Pass type_comments=True to get back type comments where the syntax allows.
"""
flags = PyCF_ONLY_AST
if type_comments:
flags |= PyCF_TYPE_COMMENTS
if isinstance(feature_version, tuple):
major, minor = feature_version # Should be a 2-tuple.
assert major == 3
feature_version = minor
elif feature_version is None:
feature_version = -1
# Else it should be an int giving the minor version for 3.x.
return compile(source, filename, mode, flags,
_feature_version=feature_version)
def literal_eval(node_or_string):
"""
Evaluate an expression node or a string containing only a Python
expression. The string or node provided may only consist of the following
Python literal structures: strings, bytes, numbers, tuples, lists, dicts,
sets, booleans, and None.
Caution: A complex expression can overflow the C stack and cause a crash.
"""
if isinstance(node_or_string, str):
node_or_string = parse(node_or_string.lstrip(" \t"), mode='eval')
if isinstance(node_or_string, Expression):
node_or_string = node_or_string.body
def _raise_malformed_node(node):
msg = "malformed node or string"
if lno := getattr(node, 'lineno', None):
msg += f' on line {lno}'
raise ValueError(msg + f': {node!r}')
def _convert_num(node):
if not isinstance(node, Constant) or type(node.value) not in (int, float, complex):
_raise_malformed_node(node)
return node.value
def _convert_signed_num(node):
if isinstance(node, UnaryOp) and isinstance(node.op, (UAdd, USub)):
operand = _convert_num(node.operand)
if isinstance(node.op, UAdd):
return + operand
else:
return - operand
return _convert_num(node)
def _convert(node):
if isinstance(node, Constant):
return node.value
elif isinstance(node, Tuple):
return tuple(map(_convert, node.elts))
elif isinstance(node, List):
return list(map(_convert, node.elts))
elif isinstance(node, Set):
return set(map(_convert, node.elts))
elif (isinstance(node, Call) and isinstance(node.func, Name) and
node.func.id == 'set' and node.args == node.keywords == []):
return set()
elif isinstance(node, Dict):
if len(node.keys) != len(node.values):
_raise_malformed_node(node)
return dict(zip(map(_convert, node.keys),
map(_convert, node.values)))
elif isinstance(node, BinOp) and isinstance(node.op, (Add, Sub)):
left = _convert_signed_num(node.left)
right = _convert_num(node.right)
if isinstance(left, (int, float)) and isinstance(right, complex):
if isinstance(node.op, Add):
return left + right
else:
return left - right
return _convert_signed_num(node)
return _convert(node_or_string)
def dump(node, annotate_fields=True, include_attributes=False, *, indent=None):
"""
Return a formatted dump of the tree in node. This is mainly useful for
debugging purposes. If annotate_fields is true (by default),
the returned string will show the names and the values for fields.
If annotate_fields is false, the result string will be more compact by
omitting unambiguous field names. Attributes such as line
numbers and column offsets are not dumped by default. If this is wanted,
include_attributes can be set to true. If indent is a non-negative
integer or string, then the tree will be pretty-printed with that indent
level. None (the default) selects the single line representation.
"""
def _format(node, level=0):
if indent is not None:
level += 1
prefix = '\n' + indent * level
sep = ',\n' + indent * level
else:
prefix = ''
sep = ', '
if isinstance(node, AST):
cls = type(node)
args = []
allsimple = True
keywords = annotate_fields
for name in node._fields:
try:
value = getattr(node, name)
except AttributeError:
keywords = True
continue
if value is None and getattr(cls, name, ...) is None:
keywords = True
continue
value, simple = _format(value, level)
allsimple = allsimple and simple
if keywords:
args.append('%s=%s' % (name, value))
else:
args.append(value)
if include_attributes and node._attributes:
for name in node._attributes:
try:
value = getattr(node, name)
except AttributeError:
continue
if value is None and getattr(cls, name, ...) is None:
continue
value, simple = _format(value, level)
allsimple = allsimple and simple
args.append('%s=%s' % (name, value))
if allsimple and len(args) <= 3:
return '%s(%s)' % (node.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(args)), not args
return '%s(%s%s)' % (node.__class__.__name__, prefix, sep.join(args)), False
elif isinstance(node, list):
if not node:
return '[]', True
return '[%s%s]' % (prefix, sep.join(_format(x, level)[0] for x in node)), False
return repr(node), True
if not isinstance(node, AST):
raise TypeError('expected AST, got %r' % node.__class__.__name__)
if indent is not None and not isinstance(indent, str):
indent = ' ' * indent
return _format(node)[0]
def copy_location(new_node, old_node):
"""
Copy source location (`lineno`, `col_offset`, `end_lineno`, and `end_col_offset`
attributes) from *old_node* to *new_node* if possible, and return *new_node*.
"""
for attr in 'lineno', 'col_offset', 'end_lineno', 'end_col_offset':
if attr in old_node._attributes and attr in new_node._attributes:
value = getattr(old_node, attr, None)
# end_lineno and end_col_offset are optional attributes, and they
# should be copied whether the value is None or not.
if value is not None or (
hasattr(old_node, attr) and attr.startswith("end_")
):
setattr(new_node, attr, value)
return new_node
def fix_missing_locations(node):
"""
When you compile a node tree with compile(), the compiler expects lineno and
col_offset attributes for every node that supports them. This is rather
tedious to fill in for generated nodes, so this helper adds these attributes
recursively where not already set, by setting them to the values of the
parent node. It works recursively starting at *node*.
"""
def _fix(node, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset):
if 'lineno' in node._attributes:
if not hasattr(node, 'lineno'):
node.lineno = lineno
else:
lineno = node.lineno
if 'end_lineno' in node._attributes:
if getattr(node, 'end_lineno', None) is None:
node.end_lineno = end_lineno
else:
end_lineno = node.end_lineno
if 'col_offset' in node._attributes:
if not hasattr(node, 'col_offset'):
node.col_offset = col_offset
else:
col_offset = node.col_offset
if 'end_col_offset' in node._attributes:
if getattr(node, 'end_col_offset', None) is None:
node.end_col_offset = end_col_offset
else:
end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset
for child in iter_child_nodes(node):
_fix(child, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset)
_fix(node, 1, 0, 1, 0)
return node
def increment_lineno(node, n=1):
"""
Increment the line number and end line number of each node in the tree
starting at *node* by *n*. This is useful to "move code" to a different
location in a file.
"""
for child in walk(node):
# TypeIgnore is a special case where lineno is not an attribute
# but rather a field of the node itself.
if isinstance(child, TypeIgnore):
child.lineno = getattr(child, 'lineno', 0) + n
continue
if 'lineno' in child._attributes:
child.lineno = getattr(child, 'lineno', 0) + n
if (
"end_lineno" in child._attributes
and (end_lineno := getattr(child, "end_lineno", 0)) is not None
):
child.end_lineno = end_lineno + n
return node
def iter_fields(node):
"""
Yield a tuple of ``(fieldname, value)`` for each field in ``node._fields``
that is present on *node*.
"""
for field in node._fields:
try:
yield field, getattr(node, field)
except AttributeError:
pass
def iter_child_nodes(node):
"""
Yield all direct child nodes of *node*, that is, all fields that are nodes
and all items of fields that are lists of nodes.
"""
for name, field in iter_fields(node):
if isinstance(field, AST):
yield field
elif isinstance(field, list):
for item in field:
if isinstance(item, AST):
yield item
def get_docstring(node, clean=True):
"""
Return the docstring for the given node or None if no docstring can
be found. If the node provided does not have docstrings a TypeError
will be raised.
If *clean* is `True`, all tabs are expanded to spaces and any whitespace
that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.
"""
if not isinstance(node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module)):
raise TypeError("%r can't have docstrings" % node.__class__.__name__)
if not(node.body and isinstance(node.body[0], Expr)):
return None
node = node.body[0].value
if isinstance(node, Str):
text = node.s
elif isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
text = node.value
else:
return None
if clean:
import inspect
text = inspect.cleandoc(text)
return text
def _splitlines_no_ff(source):
"""Split a string into lines ignoring form feed and other chars.
This mimics how the Python parser splits source code.
"""
idx = 0
lines = []
next_line = ''
while idx < len(source):
c = source[idx]
next_line += c
idx += 1
# Keep \r\n together
if c == '\r' and idx < len(source) and source[idx] == '\n':
next_line += '\n'
idx += 1
if c in '\r\n':
lines.append(next_line)
next_line = ''
if next_line:
lines.append(next_line)
return lines
def _pad_whitespace(source):
r"""Replace all chars except '\f\t' in a line with spaces."""
result = ''
for c in source:
if c in '\f\t':
result += c
else:
result += ' '
return result
def get_source_segment(source, node, *, padded=False):
"""Get source code segment of the *source* that generated *node*.
If some location information (`lineno`, `end_lineno`, `col_offset`,
or `end_col_offset`) is missing, return None.
If *padded* is `True`, the first line of a multi-line statement will
be padded with spaces to match its original position.
"""
try:
if node.end_lineno is None or node.end_col_offset is None:
return None
lineno = node.lineno - 1
end_lineno = node.end_lineno - 1
col_offset = node.col_offset
end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset
except AttributeError:
return None
lines = _splitlines_no_ff(source)
if end_lineno == lineno:
return lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:end_col_offset].decode()
if padded:
padding = _pad_whitespace(lines[lineno].encode()[:col_offset].decode())
else:
padding = ''
first = padding + lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:].decode()
last = lines[end_lineno].encode()[:end_col_offset].decode()
lines = lines[lineno+1:end_lineno]
lines.insert(0, first)
lines.append(last)
return ''.join(lines)
def walk(node):
"""
Recursively yield all descendant nodes in the tree starting at *node*
(including *node* itself), in no specified order. This is useful if you
only want to modify nodes in place and don't care about the context.
"""
from collections import deque
todo = deque([node])
while todo:
node = todo.popleft()
todo.extend(iter_child_nodes(node))
yield node
class NodeVisitor(object):
"""
A node visitor base class that walks the abstract syntax tree and calls a
visitor function for every node found. This function may return a value
which is forwarded by the `visit` method.
This class is meant to be subclassed, with the subclass adding visitor
methods.
Per default the visitor functions for the nodes are ``'visit_'`` +
class name of the node. So a `TryFinally` node visit function would
be `visit_TryFinally`. This behavior can be changed by overriding
the `visit` method. If no visitor function exists for a node
(return value `None`) the `generic_visit` visitor is used instead.
Don't use the `NodeVisitor` if you want to apply changes to nodes during
traversing. For this a special visitor exists (`NodeTransformer`) that
allows modifications.
"""
def visit(self, node):
"""Visit a node."""
method = 'visit_' + node.__class__.__name__
visitor = getattr(self, method, self.generic_visit)
return visitor(node)
def generic_visit(self, node):
"""Called if no explicit visitor function exists for a node."""
for field, value in iter_fields(node):
if isinstance(value, list):
for item in value:
if isinstance(item, AST):
self.visit(item)
elif isinstance(value, AST):
self.visit(value)
def visit_Constant(self, node):
value = node.value
type_name = _const_node_type_names.get(type(value))
if type_name is None:
for cls, name in _const_node_type_names.items():
if isinstance(value, cls):
type_name = name
break
if type_name is not None:
method = 'visit_' + type_name
try:
visitor = getattr(self, method)
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
import warnings
warnings.warn(f"{method} is deprecated; add visit_Constant",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
return visitor(node)
return self.generic_visit(node)
class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
"""
A :class:`NodeVisitor` subclass that walks the abstract syntax tree and
allows modification of nodes.
The `NodeTransformer` will walk the AST and use the return value of the
visitor methods to replace or remove the old node. If the return value of
the visitor method is ``None``, the node will be removed from its location,
otherwise it is replaced with the return value. The return value may be the
original node in which case no replacement takes place.
Here is an example transformer that rewrites all occurrences of name lookups
(``foo``) to ``data['foo']``::
class RewriteName(NodeTransformer):
def visit_Name(self, node):
return Subscript(
value=Name(id='data', ctx=Load()),
slice=Constant(value=node.id),
ctx=node.ctx
)
Keep in mind that if the node you're operating on has child nodes you must
either transform the child nodes yourself or call the :meth:`generic_visit`
method for the node first.
For nodes that were part of a collection of statements (that applies to all
statement nodes), the visitor may also return a list of nodes rather than
just a single node.
Usually you use the transformer like this::
node = YourTransformer().visit(node)
"""
def generic_visit(self, node):
for field, old_value in iter_fields(node):
if isinstance(old_value, list):
new_values = []
for value in old_value:
if isinstance(value, AST):
value = self.visit(value)
if value is None:
continue
elif not isinstance(value, AST):
new_values.extend(value)
continue
new_values.append(value)
old_value[:] = new_values
elif isinstance(old_value, AST):
new_node = self.visit(old_value)
if new_node is None:
delattr(node, field)
else:
setattr(node, field, new_node)
return node
# If the ast module is loaded more than once, only add deprecated methods once
if not hasattr(Constant, 'n'):
# The following code is for backward compatibility.
# It will be removed in future.
def _getter(self):
"""Deprecated. Use value instead."""
return self.value
def _setter(self, value):
self.value = value
Constant.n = property(_getter, _setter)
Constant.s = property(_getter, _setter)
class _ABC(type):
def __init__(cls, *args):
cls.__doc__ = """Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Constant instead"""
def __instancecheck__(cls, inst):
if not isinstance(inst, Constant):
return False
if cls in _const_types:
try:
value = inst.value
except AttributeError:
return False
else:
return (
isinstance(value, _const_types[cls]) and
not isinstance(value, _const_types_not.get(cls, ()))
)
return type.__instancecheck__(cls, inst)
def _new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
for key in kwargs:
if key not in cls._fields:
# arbitrary keyword arguments are accepted
continue
pos = cls._fields.index(key)
if pos < len(args):
raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__} got multiple values for argument {key!r}")
if cls in _const_types:
return Constant(*args, **kwargs)
return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
class Num(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
_fields = ('n',)
__new__ = _new
class Str(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
_fields = ('s',)
__new__ = _new
class Bytes(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
_fields = ('s',)
__new__ = _new
class NameConstant(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
__new__ = _new
class Ellipsis(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
_fields = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if cls is Ellipsis:
return Constant(..., *args, **kwargs)
return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
_const_types = {
Num: (int, float, complex),
Str: (str,),
Bytes: (bytes,),
NameConstant: (type(None), bool),
Ellipsis: (type(...),),
}
_const_types_not = {
Num: (bool,),
}
_const_node_type_names = {
bool: 'NameConstant', # should be before int
type(None): 'NameConstant',
int: 'Num',
float: 'Num',
complex: 'Num',
str: 'Str',
bytes: 'Bytes',
type(...): 'Ellipsis',
}
class slice(AST):
"""Deprecated AST node class."""
class Index(slice):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Use the index value directly instead."""
def __new__(cls, value, **kwargs):
return value
class ExtSlice(slice):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Tuple instead."""
def __new__(cls, dims=(), **kwargs):
return Tuple(list(dims), Load(), **kwargs)
# If the ast module is loaded more than once, only add deprecated methods once
if not hasattr(Tuple, 'dims'):
# The following code is for backward compatibility.
# It will be removed in future.
def _dims_getter(self):
"""Deprecated. Use elts instead."""
return self.elts
def _dims_setter(self, value):
self.elts = value
Tuple.dims = property(_dims_getter, _dims_setter)
class Suite(mod):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Unused in Python 3."""
class AugLoad(expr_context):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Unused in Python 3."""
class AugStore(expr_context):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Unused in Python 3."""
class Param(expr_context):
"""Deprecated AST node class. Unused in Python 3."""
# Large float and imaginary literals get turned into infinities in the AST.
# We unparse those infinities to INFSTR.
_INFSTR = "1e" + repr(sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 1)
class _Precedence(IntEnum):
"""Precedence table that originated from python grammar."""
TUPLE = auto()
YIELD = auto() # 'yield', 'yield from'
TEST = auto() # 'if'-'else', 'lambda'
OR = auto() # 'or'
AND = auto() # 'and'
NOT = auto() # 'not'
CMP = auto() # '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '!=',
# 'in', 'not in', 'is', 'is not'
EXPR = auto()
BOR = EXPR # '|'
BXOR = auto() # '^'
BAND = auto() # '&'
SHIFT = auto() # '<<', '>>'
ARITH = auto() # '+', '-'
TERM = auto() # '*', '@', '/', '%', '//'
FACTOR = auto() # unary '+', '-', '~'
POWER = auto() # '**'
AWAIT = auto() # 'await'
ATOM = auto()
def next(self):
try:
return self.__class__(self + 1)
except ValueError:
return self
_SINGLE_QUOTES = ("'", '"')
_MULTI_QUOTES = ('"""', "'''")
_ALL_QUOTES = (*_SINGLE_QUOTES, *_MULTI_QUOTES)
class _Unparser(NodeVisitor):
"""Methods in this class recursively traverse an AST and
output source code for the abstract syntax; original formatting
is disregarded."""
def __init__(self, *, _avoid_backslashes=False):
self._source = []
self._buffer = []
self._precedences = {}
self._type_ignores = {}
self._indent = 0
self._avoid_backslashes = _avoid_backslashes
def interleave(self, inter, f, seq):
"""Call f on each item in seq, calling inter() in between."""
seq = iter(seq)
try:
f(next(seq))
except StopIteration:
pass
else:
for x in seq:
inter()
f(x)
def items_view(self, traverser, items):
"""Traverse and separate the given *items* with a comma and append it to
the buffer. If *items* is a single item sequence, a trailing comma
will be added."""
if len(items) == 1:
traverser(items[0])
self.write(",")
else:
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), traverser, items)
def maybe_newline(self):
"""Adds a newline if it isn't the start of generated source"""
if self._source:
self.write("\n")
def fill(self, text=""):
"""Indent a piece of text and append it, according to the current
indentation level"""
self.maybe_newline()
self.write(" " * self._indent + text)
def write(self, text):
"""Append a piece of text"""
self._source.append(text)
def buffer_writer(self, text):
self._buffer.append(text)
@property
def buffer(self):
value = "".join(self._buffer)
self._buffer.clear()
return value
@contextmanager
def block(self, *, extra = None):
"""A context manager for preparing the source for blocks. It adds
the character':', increases the indentation on enter and decreases
the indentation on exit. If *extra* is given, it will be directly
appended after the colon character.
"""
self.write(":")
if extra:
self.write(extra)
self._indent += 1
yield
self._indent -= 1
@contextmanager
def delimit(self, start, end):
"""A context manager for preparing the source for expressions. It adds
*start* to the buffer and enters, after exit it adds *end*."""
self.write(start)
yield
self.write(end)
def delimit_if(self, start, end, condition):
if condition:
return self.delimit(start, end)
else:
return nullcontext()
def require_parens(self, precedence, node):
"""Shortcut to adding precedence related parens"""
return self.delimit_if("(", ")", self.get_precedence(node) > precedence)
def get_precedence(self, node):
return self._precedences.get(node, _Precedence.TEST)
def set_precedence(self, precedence, *nodes):
for node in nodes:
self._precedences[node] = precedence
def get_raw_docstring(self, node):
"""If a docstring node is found in the body of the *node* parameter,
return that docstring node, None otherwise.
Logic mirrored from ``_PyAST_GetDocString``."""
if not isinstance(
node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module)
) or len(node.body) < 1:
return None
node = node.body[0]
if not isinstance(node, Expr):
return None
node = node.value
if isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
return node
def get_type_comment(self, node):
comment = self._type_ignores.get(node.lineno) or node.type_comment
if comment is not None:
return f" # type: {comment}"
def traverse(self, node):
if isinstance(node, list):
for item in node:
self.traverse(item)
else:
super().visit(node)
# Note: as visit() resets the output text, do NOT rely on
# NodeVisitor.generic_visit to handle any nodes (as it calls back in to
# the subclass visit() method, which resets self._source to an empty list)
def visit(self, node):
"""Outputs a source code string that, if converted back to an ast
(using ast.parse) will generate an AST equivalent to *node*"""
self._source = []
self.traverse(node)
return "".join(self._source)
def _write_docstring_and_traverse_body(self, node):
if (docstring := self.get_raw_docstring(node)):
self._write_docstring(docstring)
self.traverse(node.body[1:])
else:
self.traverse(node.body)
def visit_Module(self, node):
self._type_ignores = {
ignore.lineno: f"ignore{ignore.tag}"
for ignore in node.type_ignores
}
self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
self._type_ignores.clear()
def visit_FunctionType(self, node):
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.argtypes
)
self.write(" -> ")
self.traverse(node.returns)
def visit_Expr(self, node):
self.fill()
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.YIELD, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_NamedExpr(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TUPLE, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.target, node.value)
self.traverse(node.target)
self.write(" := ")
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Import(self, node):
self.fill("import ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names)
def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):
self.fill("from ")
self.write("." * (node.level or 0))
if node.module:
self.write(node.module)
self.write(" import ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names)
def visit_Assign(self, node):
self.fill()
for target in node.targets:
self.traverse(target)
self.write(" = ")
self.traverse(node.value)
if type_comment := self.get_type_comment(node):
self.write(type_comment)
def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
self.fill()
self.traverse(node.target)
self.write(" " + self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__] + "= ")
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_AnnAssign(self, node):
self.fill()
with self.delimit_if("(", ")", not node.simple and isinstance(node.target, Name)):
self.traverse(node.target)
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(node.annotation)
if node.value:
self.write(" = ")
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Return(self, node):
self.fill("return")
if node.value:
self.write(" ")
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Pass(self, node):
self.fill("pass")
def visit_Break(self, node):
self.fill("break")
def visit_Continue(self, node):
self.fill("continue")
def visit_Delete(self, node):
self.fill("del ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.targets)
def visit_Assert(self, node):
self.fill("assert ")
self.traverse(node.test)
if node.msg:
self.write(", ")
self.traverse(node.msg)
def visit_Global(self, node):
self.fill("global ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names)
def visit_Nonlocal(self, node):
self.fill("nonlocal ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names)
def visit_Await(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.AWAIT, node):
self.write("await")
if node.value:
self.write(" ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Yield(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node):
self.write("yield")
if node.value:
self.write(" ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_YieldFrom(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node):
self.write("yield from ")
if not node.value:
raise ValueError("Node can't be used without a value attribute.")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Raise(self, node):
self.fill("raise")
if not node.exc:
if node.cause:
raise ValueError(f"Node can't use cause without an exception.")
return
self.write(" ")
self.traverse(node.exc)
if node.cause:
self.write(" from ")
self.traverse(node.cause)
def visit_Try(self, node):
self.fill("try")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
for ex in node.handlers:
self.traverse(ex)
if node.orelse:
self.fill("else")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.orelse)
if node.finalbody:
self.fill("finally")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.finalbody)
def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node):
self.fill("except")
if node.type:
self.write(" ")
self.traverse(node.type)
if node.name:
self.write(" as ")
self.write(node.name)
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
def visit_ClassDef(self, node):
self.maybe_newline()
for deco in node.decorator_list:
self.fill("@")
self.traverse(deco)
self.fill("class " + node.name)
with self.delimit_if("(", ")", condition = node.bases or node.keywords):
comma = False
for e in node.bases:
if comma:
self.write(", ")
else:
comma = True
self.traverse(e)
for e in node.keywords:
if comma:
self.write(", ")
else:
comma = True
self.traverse(e)
with self.block():
self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
self._function_helper(node, "def")
def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node):
self._function_helper(node, "async def")
def _function_helper(self, node, fill_suffix):
self.maybe_newline()
for deco in node.decorator_list:
self.fill("@")
self.traverse(deco)
def_str = fill_suffix + " " + node.name
self.fill(def_str)
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
self.traverse(node.args)
if node.returns:
self.write(" -> ")
self.traverse(node.returns)
with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
def visit_For(self, node):
self._for_helper("for ", node)
def visit_AsyncFor(self, node):
self._for_helper("async for ", node)
def _for_helper(self, fill, node):
self.fill(fill)
self.traverse(node.target)
self.write(" in ")
self.traverse(node.iter)
with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
self.traverse(node.body)
if node.orelse:
self.fill("else")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.orelse)
def visit_If(self, node):
self.fill("if ")
self.traverse(node.test)
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
# collapse nested ifs into equivalent elifs.
while node.orelse and len(node.orelse) == 1 and isinstance(node.orelse[0], If):
node = node.orelse[0]
self.fill("elif ")
self.traverse(node.test)
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
# final else
if node.orelse:
self.fill("else")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.orelse)
def visit_While(self, node):
self.fill("while ")
self.traverse(node.test)
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
if node.orelse:
self.fill("else")
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.orelse)
def visit_With(self, node):
self.fill("with ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items)
with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
self.traverse(node.body)
def visit_AsyncWith(self, node):
self.fill("async with ")
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items)
with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
self.traverse(node.body)
def _str_literal_helper(
self, string, *, quote_types=_ALL_QUOTES, escape_special_whitespace=False
):
"""Helper for writing string literals, minimizing escapes.
Returns the tuple (string literal to write, possible quote types).
"""
def escape_char(c):
# \n and \t are non-printable, but we only escape them if
# escape_special_whitespace is True
if not escape_special_whitespace and c in "\n\t":
return c
# Always escape backslashes and other non-printable characters
if c == "\\" or not c.isprintable():
return c.encode("unicode_escape").decode("ascii")
return c
escaped_string = "".join(map(escape_char, string))
possible_quotes = quote_types
if "\n" in escaped_string:
possible_quotes = [q for q in possible_quotes if q in _MULTI_QUOTES]
possible_quotes = [q for q in possible_quotes if q not in escaped_string]
if not possible_quotes:
# If there aren't any possible_quotes, fallback to using repr
# on the original string. Try to use a quote from quote_types,
# e.g., so that we use triple quotes for docstrings.
string = repr(string)
quote = next((q for q in quote_types if string[0] in q), string[0])
return string[1:-1], [quote]
if escaped_string:
# Sort so that we prefer '''"''' over """\""""
possible_quotes.sort(key=lambda q: q[0] == escaped_string[-1])
# If we're using triple quotes and we'd need to escape a final
# quote, escape it
if possible_quotes[0][0] == escaped_string[-1]:
assert len(possible_quotes[0]) == 3
escaped_string = escaped_string[:-1] + "\\" + escaped_string[-1]
return escaped_string, possible_quotes
def _write_str_avoiding_backslashes(self, string, *, quote_types=_ALL_QUOTES):
"""Write string literal value with a best effort attempt to avoid backslashes."""
string, quote_types = self._str_literal_helper(string, quote_types=quote_types)
quote_type = quote_types[0]
self.write(f"{quote_type}{string}{quote_type}")
def visit_JoinedStr(self, node):
self.write("f")
if self._avoid_backslashes:
self._fstring_JoinedStr(node, self.buffer_writer)
self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(self.buffer)
return
# If we don't need to avoid backslashes globally (i.e., we only need
# to avoid them inside FormattedValues), it's cosmetically preferred
# to use escaped whitespace. That is, it's preferred to use backslashes
# for cases like: f"{x}\n". To accomplish this, we keep track of what
# in our buffer corresponds to FormattedValues and what corresponds to
# Constant parts of the f-string, and allow escapes accordingly.
buffer = []
for value in node.values:
meth = getattr(self, "_fstring_" + type(value).__name__)
meth(value, self.buffer_writer)
buffer.append((self.buffer, isinstance(value, Constant)))
new_buffer = []
quote_types = _ALL_QUOTES
for value, is_constant in buffer:
# Repeatedly narrow down the list of possible quote_types
value, quote_types = self._str_literal_helper(
value, quote_types=quote_types,
escape_special_whitespace=is_constant
)
new_buffer.append(value)
value = "".join(new_buffer)
quote_type = quote_types[0]
self.write(f"{quote_type}{value}{quote_type}")
def visit_FormattedValue(self, node):
self.write("f")
self._fstring_FormattedValue(node, self.buffer_writer)
self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(self.buffer)
def _fstring_JoinedStr(self, node, write):
for value in node.values:
meth = getattr(self, "_fstring_" + type(value).__name__)
meth(value, write)
def _fstring_Constant(self, node, write):
if not isinstance(node.value, str):
raise ValueError("Constants inside JoinedStr should be a string.")
value = node.value.replace("{", "{{").replace("}", "}}")
write(value)
def _fstring_FormattedValue(self, node, write):
write("{")
unparser = type(self)(_avoid_backslashes=True)
unparser.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.value)
expr = unparser.visit(node.value)
if expr.startswith("{"):
write(" ") # Separate pair of opening brackets as "{ {"
if "\\" in expr:
raise ValueError("Unable to avoid backslash in f-string expression part")
write(expr)
if node.conversion != -1:
conversion = chr(node.conversion)
if conversion not in "sra":
raise ValueError("Unknown f-string conversion.")
write(f"!{conversion}")
if node.format_spec:
write(":")
meth = getattr(self, "_fstring_" + type(node.format_spec).__name__)
meth(node.format_spec, write)
write("}")
def visit_Name(self, node):
self.write(node.id)
def _write_docstring(self, node):
self.fill()
if node.kind == "u":
self.write("u")
self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(node.value, quote_types=_MULTI_QUOTES)
def _write_constant(self, value):
if isinstance(value, (float, complex)):
# Substitute overflowing decimal literal for AST infinities,
# and inf - inf for NaNs.
self.write(
repr(value)
.replace("inf", _INFSTR)
.replace("nan", f"({_INFSTR}-{_INFSTR})")
)
elif self._avoid_backslashes and isinstance(value, str):
self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(value)
else:
self.write(repr(value))
def visit_Constant(self, node):
value = node.value
if isinstance(value, tuple):
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
self.items_view(self._write_constant, value)
elif value is ...:
self.write("...")
else:
if node.kind == "u":
self.write("u")
self._write_constant(node.value)
def visit_List(self, node):
with self.delimit("[", "]"):
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts)
def visit_ListComp(self, node):
with self.delimit("[", "]"):
self.traverse(node.elt)
for gen in node.generators:
self.traverse(gen)
def visit_GeneratorExp(self, node):
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
self.traverse(node.elt)
for gen in node.generators:
self.traverse(gen)
def visit_SetComp(self, node):
with self.delimit("{", "}"):
self.traverse(node.elt)
for gen in node.generators:
self.traverse(gen)
def visit_DictComp(self, node):
with self.delimit("{", "}"):
self.traverse(node.key)
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(node.value)
for gen in node.generators:
self.traverse(gen)
def visit_comprehension(self, node):
if node.is_async:
self.write(" async for ")
else:
self.write(" for ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TUPLE, node.target)
self.traverse(node.target)
self.write(" in ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.iter, *node.ifs)
self.traverse(node.iter)
for if_clause in node.ifs:
self.write(" if ")
self.traverse(if_clause)
def visit_IfExp(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.body, node.test)
self.traverse(node.body)
self.write(" if ")
self.traverse(node.test)
self.write(" else ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.orelse)
self.traverse(node.orelse)
def visit_Set(self, node):
if node.elts:
with self.delimit("{", "}"):
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts)
else:
# `{}` would be interpreted as a dictionary literal, and
# `set` might be shadowed. Thus:
self.write('{*()}')
def visit_Dict(self, node):
def write_key_value_pair(k, v):
self.traverse(k)
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(v)
def write_item(item):
k, v = item
if k is None:
# for dictionary unpacking operator in dicts {**{'y': 2}}
# see PEP 448 for details
self.write("**")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, v)
self.traverse(v)
else:
write_key_value_pair(k, v)
with self.delimit("{", "}"):
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "), write_item, zip(node.keys, node.values)
)
def visit_Tuple(self, node):
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
self.items_view(self.traverse, node.elts)
unop = {"Invert": "~", "Not": "not", "UAdd": "+", "USub": "-"}
unop_precedence = {
"not": _Precedence.NOT,
"~": _Precedence.FACTOR,
"+": _Precedence.FACTOR,
"-": _Precedence.FACTOR,
}
def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):
operator = self.unop[node.op.__class__.__name__]
operator_precedence = self.unop_precedence[operator]
with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
self.write(operator)
# factor prefixes (+, -, ~) shouldn't be seperated
# from the value they belong, (e.g: +1 instead of + 1)
if operator_precedence is not _Precedence.FACTOR:
self.write(" ")
self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node.operand)
self.traverse(node.operand)
binop = {
"Add": "+",
"Sub": "-",
"Mult": "*",
"MatMult": "@",
"Div": "/",
"Mod": "%",
"LShift": "<<",
"RShift": ">>",
"BitOr": "|",
"BitXor": "^",
"BitAnd": "&",
"FloorDiv": "//",
"Pow": "**",
}
binop_precedence = {
"+": _Precedence.ARITH,
"-": _Precedence.ARITH,
"*": _Precedence.TERM,
"@": _Precedence.TERM,
"/": _Precedence.TERM,
"%": _Precedence.TERM,
"<<": _Precedence.SHIFT,
">>": _Precedence.SHIFT,
"|": _Precedence.BOR,
"^": _Precedence.BXOR,
"&": _Precedence.BAND,
"//": _Precedence.TERM,
"**": _Precedence.POWER,
}
binop_rassoc = frozenset(("**",))
def visit_BinOp(self, node):
operator = self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__]
operator_precedence = self.binop_precedence[operator]
with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
if operator in self.binop_rassoc:
left_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
right_precedence = operator_precedence
else:
left_precedence = operator_precedence
right_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
self.set_precedence(left_precedence, node.left)
self.traverse(node.left)
self.write(f" {operator} ")
self.set_precedence(right_precedence, node.right)
self.traverse(node.right)
cmpops = {
"Eq": "==",
"NotEq": "!=",
"Lt": "<",
"LtE": "<=",
"Gt": ">",
"GtE": ">=",
"Is": "is",
"IsNot": "is not",
"In": "in",
"NotIn": "not in",
}
def visit_Compare(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.CMP, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.CMP.next(), node.left, *node.comparators)
self.traverse(node.left)
for o, e in zip(node.ops, node.comparators):
self.write(" " + self.cmpops[o.__class__.__name__] + " ")
self.traverse(e)
boolops = {"And": "and", "Or": "or"}
boolop_precedence = {"and": _Precedence.AND, "or": _Precedence.OR}
def visit_BoolOp(self, node):
operator = self.boolops[node.op.__class__.__name__]
operator_precedence = self.boolop_precedence[operator]
def increasing_level_traverse(node):
nonlocal operator_precedence
operator_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node)
self.traverse(node)
with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
s = f" {operator} "
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(s), increasing_level_traverse, node.values)
def visit_Attribute(self, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
# Special case: 3.__abs__() is a syntax error, so if node.value
# is an integer literal then we need to either parenthesize
# it or add an extra space to get 3 .__abs__().
if isinstance(node.value, Constant) and isinstance(node.value.value, int):
self.write(" ")
self.write(".")
self.write(node.attr)
def visit_Call(self, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.func)
self.traverse(node.func)
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
comma = False
for e in node.args:
if comma:
self.write(", ")
else:
comma = True
self.traverse(e)
for e in node.keywords:
if comma:
self.write(", ")
else:
comma = True
self.traverse(e)
def visit_Subscript(self, node):
def is_simple_tuple(slice_value):
# when unparsing a non-empty tuple, the parentheses can be safely
# omitted if there aren't any elements that explicitly requires
# parentheses (such as starred expressions).
return (
isinstance(slice_value, Tuple)
and slice_value.elts
and not any(isinstance(elt, Starred) for elt in slice_value.elts)
)
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
with self.delimit("[", "]"):
if is_simple_tuple(node.slice):
self.items_view(self.traverse, node.slice.elts)
else:
self.traverse(node.slice)
def visit_Starred(self, node):
self.write("*")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, node.value)
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Ellipsis(self, node):
self.write("...")
def visit_Slice(self, node):
if node.lower:
self.traverse(node.lower)
self.write(":")
if node.upper:
self.traverse(node.upper)
if node.step:
self.write(":")
self.traverse(node.step)
def visit_Match(self, node):
self.fill("match ")
self.traverse(node.subject)
with self.block():
for case in node.cases:
self.traverse(case)
def visit_arg(self, node):
self.write(node.arg)
if node.annotation:
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(node.annotation)
def visit_arguments(self, node):
first = True
# normal arguments
all_args = node.posonlyargs + node.args
defaults = [None] * (len(all_args) - len(node.defaults)) + node.defaults
for index, elements in enumerate(zip(all_args, defaults), 1):
a, d = elements
if first:
first = False
else:
self.write(", ")
self.traverse(a)
if d:
self.write("=")
self.traverse(d)
if index == len(node.posonlyargs):
self.write(", /")
# varargs, or bare '*' if no varargs but keyword-only arguments present
if node.vararg or node.kwonlyargs:
if first:
first = False
else:
self.write(", ")
self.write("*")
if node.vararg:
self.write(node.vararg.arg)
if node.vararg.annotation:
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(node.vararg.annotation)
# keyword-only arguments
if node.kwonlyargs:
for a, d in zip(node.kwonlyargs, node.kw_defaults):
self.write(", ")
self.traverse(a)
if d:
self.write("=")
self.traverse(d)
# kwargs
if node.kwarg:
if first:
first = False
else:
self.write(", ")
self.write("**" + node.kwarg.arg)
if node.kwarg.annotation:
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(node.kwarg.annotation)
def visit_keyword(self, node):
if node.arg is None:
self.write("**")
else:
self.write(node.arg)
self.write("=")
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_Lambda(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
self.write("lambda ")
self.traverse(node.args)
self.write(": ")
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.body)
self.traverse(node.body)
def visit_alias(self, node):
self.write(node.name)
if node.asname:
self.write(" as " + node.asname)
def visit_withitem(self, node):
self.traverse(node.context_expr)
if node.optional_vars:
self.write(" as ")
self.traverse(node.optional_vars)
def visit_match_case(self, node):
self.fill("case ")
self.traverse(node.pattern)
if node.guard:
self.write(" if ")
self.traverse(node.guard)
with self.block():
self.traverse(node.body)
def visit_MatchValue(self, node):
self.traverse(node.value)
def visit_MatchSingleton(self, node):
self._write_constant(node.value)
def visit_MatchSequence(self, node):
with self.delimit("[", "]"):
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.patterns
)
def visit_MatchStar(self, node):
name = node.name
if name is None:
name = "_"
self.write(f"*{name}")
def visit_MatchMapping(self, node):
def write_key_pattern_pair(pair):
k, p = pair
self.traverse(k)
self.write(": ")
self.traverse(p)
with self.delimit("{", "}"):
keys = node.keys
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "),
write_key_pattern_pair,
zip(keys, node.patterns, strict=True),
)
rest = node.rest
if rest is not None:
if keys:
self.write(", ")
self.write(f"**{rest}")
def visit_MatchClass(self, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.cls)
self.traverse(node.cls)
with self.delimit("(", ")"):
patterns = node.patterns
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, patterns
)
attrs = node.kwd_attrs
if attrs:
def write_attr_pattern(pair):
attr, pattern = pair
self.write(f"{attr}=")
self.traverse(pattern)
if patterns:
self.write(", ")
self.interleave(
lambda: self.write(", "),
write_attr_pattern,
zip(attrs, node.kwd_patterns, strict=True),
)
def visit_MatchAs(self, node):
name = node.name
pattern = node.pattern
if name is None:
self.write("_")
elif pattern is None:
self.write(node.name)
else:
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.BOR, node.pattern)
self.traverse(node.pattern)
self.write(f" as {node.name}")
def visit_MatchOr(self, node):
with self.require_parens(_Precedence.BOR, node):
self.set_precedence(_Precedence.BOR.next(), *node.patterns)
self.interleave(lambda: self.write(" | "), self.traverse, node.patterns)
def unparse(ast_obj):
unparser = _Unparser()
return unparser.visit(ast_obj)
def main():
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='python -m ast')
parser.add_argument('infile', type=argparse.FileType(mode='rb'), nargs='?',
default='-',
help='the file to parse; defaults to stdin')
parser.add_argument('-m', '--mode', default='exec',
choices=('exec', 'single', 'eval', 'func_type'),
help='specify what kind of code must be parsed')
parser.add_argument('--no-type-comments', default=True, action='store_false',
help="don't add information about type comments")
parser.add_argument('-a', '--include-attributes', action='store_true',
help='include attributes such as line numbers and '
'column offsets')
parser.add_argument('-i', '--indent', type=int, default=3,
help='indentation of nodes (number of spaces)')
args = parser.parse_args()
with args.infile as infile:
source = infile.read()
tree = parse(source, args.infile.name, args.mode, type_comments=args.no_type_comments)
print(dump(tree, include_attributes=args.include_attributes, indent=args.indent))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()